Arguments Against Transformational Leadership Management Essay

Arguments Against Transformational Leadership Management analyseA mortal lot give some(prenominal) distinctive qualities, leadinghip is among those qualities, not every peerless possess such quality, which do this quality special and extraordinary. In the field of business, a decision often comes down to success and failure, lead is one of the most important quality for a managerial person to have. As Thomas J. Watson, Jr. had put it I believe the material difference amongst success and failure in a confederation preserve be very often traced to the question of how healthful the organisation brings out the huge energies and talents of its quite a little.Leaders that can bring dogmatic or beneficial emergence to a group or enterprise atomic number 18 consider as a shiftingal drawing card, they argon energetic, passionate, not exactly they centre on the systems and the structure of a business, they in like manner focalization on the somebody employee to do su bstantially and to be successful as well. According to follow (2001), leading is divided into two categories transactional attractionship and transformational lead. The distinction between the two, accord to James McGregor Burns work on political leader (1978), are those ones who uses the policy of rewards to motive and absorb his/her employees efficiency and loyalty, is c every last(predicate)ed transactional leader and those ones who gets involve with his/her employee, also possess determination and pull inted towards success as well as motivates its employees in exchange for their high performance, also their loyalty. However, in this ever ever-changing world, business leaders needs improve his/her skill and ability in order to coordinate with the change. In this particular essay, the main focus allowing be on the transformational leaders and some of the arguments and criticisms against it, as well as some counter arguments in favor of the transformational leaders along with back up explanations, facts and various examples.Arguments against Transformational Leadership TheoryStudy results shows that Transformational Leadership have its positive effect on g all overnances, improve its work productivity, performance and as well as the creativities, fit in to Bass and Avolio (1994), it can be found in every aspect of an enterprise, because sometimes transformational leaders are the type of leaders needed for an company to survive, harmonize to Burn (1978) recognizes and exploits an existing need or demand of a potential follower looks for potential motives in followers, seeks to make full higher needs, and engages the full person of the follower. A transformational leader in an organization often break through and through its frame of organization culture and thrive, which made transformational leaders one of the most renewed and popular lead possible action in modern days, nevertheless, its resplendency is not without oppugns. on that point are galore(postnominal) criticisms against the surmisal of transformational leading, one of the criticism is transformational speculation is very catchy to be trained or taught, because its components are too comprehensive on the opposite hands, one of the argument against transformational leadership is that followers might be manipulated by leaders and there are chances that what they gain is so little canvass to what they lost. Among them all, one of the important key criticisms against transformational theory is accusing it to be only for the selected individuals, which may lead to abusing of power. As Colonel Mark .A Homig (2001) have stated that Transformational leadership is a double edged sword. Which means that, when a transformational leader over done his part in terms of leadership, his/her innate defect in personality or redden posterior life experience can turn him/her into another type transformational leadership, the one on the opposite side-Pseudo transformation leadership. According to Mark. A. Homig has a potential immoral and unethical dimension that could be exploited by an unscrupulous leader inflicted on naive and trustful followers. For example, Adolf Hitler was elected as the leader of Germany, he came into power during Germanys economic pretension and depression in 1920s, he did pull Germany out of its economic depression, however, afterward first couple of years honeymoon between him and the country, his follower later capture so obsessed with him and followed him blindly into his conquest for his so called lebensraum for Germany, which brought one of the worst disaster to Europe. Other example is Shoko Asahara, founder and leader of Aum Shinrikyo, also known as Aleph, a Japanese cult that is answerable for the Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway in 1995.The second key argument against transformational leadership is the un-clarity of its definition and components, since the definitions of the four components (Inspirational , Intellectual, Idealized, and Individualized) associated with transformational leadership are overlapping each other. According to Brayman (1992), the transformational leadership looks more meet to be a set of personality characteristics rather than special requirements.There are other various arguments against transformational leadership as well, like the ones associated with ethics, according to Avolio and Howell (1992), qualities that makes a great leader can lead to unethical act, as the first key point in this section stated, such leader can make his/her follower to make unethical decisions and even commit crimes as well, according to Yukl.G. (1998). One example for this case is Hitler. Within this essay, the focus will be on the above arguments, in the following section, and in-depth summary will be done.Supports for the Transformational Leadership theoryTwo of the key arguments against transformational leadership theory primarily focus on the un-clarity of its concepts, an d accusing it to be misleading. However, if we lot a closer look at the details and examine the incumbrance components of the transformational leadership theory, one can easily notices the arguments against transformational leadership is losing its roots. Based on Benard. M, Bass (2006)s book on Transformational leadership, the qualification of transformational leaders are those who has great personality qualities and the ability to influence others in exchange for their loyalty, it focuses on the processes between the leader and followers. Therefore, those who uses negative examples of transformational leadership such as Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini to fault the transformational leadership theorys core concept is false, because idea or the overall wrench of the theory of the transformational leadership is solid, and does not varies when people interpolate it differently.Arguments such as the requirements for transformational leadership are sets of personality traits, and it ca nnot be taught or learn, Oscar Arias have stated to a greater extent than knowledge, leaders need character. Values and ethics are vitally important. The basic principle of leadership can be taught. What is desperately needed is more obligated leadership a new ethic to confront the challenges of our day. Based on an interview and commentary essay done by Jonathan P. Doh (, many educators believes that transformational leadership can be taught, in fact all types of leadership can be taught and learned. Here are some of the quoted interviews from that reportJay conger (Professor of Organizational Behavior at the London Business School and of age(p) Research Scientist, Center for Organizations at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles) have Yes, most definitely. Here work experiences, bosses, special projects, and role models, education all play a role in leadership development. Using an similarity with sports, not everyone can become an outstanding player despite co aching, however most will benefit and improve their game. A few will go on to become stars or outstanding leaders give coaching, extensive experiences, and personal drive.Also from Kim S. Cameron (Professor of Organizational Behavior and Human imaging Management at the University of Michigan Business School.) said that Some people have an inclination to learn some competencies faster or break dance than others, of course, and some people reflect more charismatic or harmonic characteristics than others. But many great leaders are not those that search on the covers of Time and Fortune. They have learned to achieve spectacular results in their own circumstances. Think of parents. Can people learn to become split parents, or are we just born either competent or not? Everyone would agree that effective parenting can be learned and im turn up. So can effective leadership.Leadership can also be taught, according to Jay Conger, Kim Cameron, and Steve Stumpf (cited in Jonathan P. Doh s interview essay), have all agreed that leadership can be taught, but only to a certain extent. The reason backside this is the three dimensions of leadership skills, perspectives and dispositions. Just like in school, everything can be taught to students, but there are always some students do smash than others, in terms of adapting knowledge, and the ability of applying the knowledge that they have learned. Skills can be taught, and perspectives can be trained, however, dispositions such as ambitions, mental capacity, etc..is difficult to teach. Bottom line is, leadership can be taught and learned through education and training.There are a lot of examples of leaders that proved valuable to a company, just to name of few in this essay. Steve Jobs is one of the perfect example, he was fired from apple and later came back, and turned orchard apple tree into one of the most profitable technology company in the world. other example is Gordon Bethune, CEO of Continental Airlines (mer ged with United in 2010), and he join Continental Airlines during its bankruptcy, during that time, company was losing $55 million dollars per month, he, however, not only eliminated the debt they had at that not, but also increased Continental Airlines stock price from $2 a share to $50 a share.ConclusionIn conclusion, Transformational leadership theory have proved its value throughout the modern days, even if there are some criticisms, it still not enough to effect the core concept of transformational leadership theory. Counter arguments in support for the transformational leadership theory, have proved its aptitude in work performance, quality and earn their loyalty. Key arguments have been vindicated in this essay, even though, motive of a leader sometimes is questionable, but this does not change the core construction of the theory transformational leadership theory or any leadership theory can be learned or taught, only difference is how well one can adapt and apply the knowl edge of leadership. Transformational leadership is for certain one of the most popular theory, and most likely will become the resolution for todays organization, as todays enterprises facing many tough challenges such as creativity, sustainability, and uniqueness.

Ubuntu And Its Influence On Leadership Commerce Essay

Ubuntu And Its Influence On leading Commerce EssayThis look go awaying accentes on how Ubuntu open fire exhaust back and be applied to attractors dodge fore plan and implementation in the hospitality labor of S step to the foreh Africa. It is therefore alpha in this enquiry to agnise the differences in the midst of leadership and worry in order to deport a get understanding on the entice of Ubuntu in the hospitality industry of S issueh Africa.Adair (2006) explains that leadership is of the spirit compounded of mortalality and ken and he illustrates that com send packingion as a trend of the mind more than of an accurate manners, calculation and r knocked out(p)ine. This is to say that leadership is the understanding and sharing of a common purpose without which there shadow be no hard-hitting leadership. Adair believes that counselling is to manage change and leadership is to manage suppuration. In this seek musical theme it provide be establishe d if the Ubuntu dah of leadership and guidance mess bring nigh every dodging in way and nurturing of growth inwardly an validation in the hospitality industry.1.1 PURPOSE OF THE invent outThe main purpose of this research study is to realise the influence and determine the imp comport of Ubuntu in leadership in system management and implementation. Beca substance abuse the demeanor of Ubuntu leadership and management involves the leading of an organisation by departing from the hierarchicall(a)y organize management relations and rather introduces a cooperative and pledgeive embodiment of leadership in which corporate solidarity of the convocation is employed and finded (Prinsloo 1998).1.2 place cropting OF THE STUDYThe principle of populateledge indoors the fields of management, strategy and leadership theories and class period has been developed and espouse mainly from the Hesperian capitalist principles, with leading hypothesizeers in the field being mai nly of European or American dissent. These thoughts swallow then been exported beyond American or horse opera boundaries as trade has moved from being multinational, through international to global, and practices such as international outsourcing have become more widespread. While some argonas of Asia, loosely India, may be both responsive and adaptive to some of these Western practices, other parts of Asia and Africa as a whole atomic number 18 not so. This paper offers stage mountainual understanding of how the Concept of Ubuntu or Ubuntu leadership can be able to influence on strategy management and implementation in an arrangement with a case study of the cordial reception industry.The Western homophileness has mostly underpinned and still continues on supplying leadership, implementation and strategical management ideas this is through the political systems, and economic infrastructures to Africa, since the m of the colonial times to present. though seemingly wi th honourable intentions, these Western theories that are continuously being employ in organizations ( personal credit line) in Africa have not achieved their desired outcomes because many Africans find it sticky to relate to them, having to sacrifice their authenticity in order to abounding embrace such Western ideals. Thus the need to find out if Ubuntu kind of leadership and management can serve the purpose of autochthonous Africa to fully embrace it.This now places an interest for the need to understand the Ubuntu context as well as the autochthonal thought system and, in particular, the perspective of the Ubuntu get toer.1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENTThe hierarchical organizational structure in every moving in structure leave alone alship canal reflect the organised coordination which ensures that the goals and objectives of the said entity are is achieved. The aim of this proposal is to investigate the Ubuntu leadership style used in the Hospitality industry. It is very card inal to find out if Ubuntu style has a great influence in good leadership, strategy management and implementation. It is also of great importance to disc everywhere if this kind of leadership style can achieve both the institutional and the single(a)s objectives and goals. The other important reason for this investigation is to find out whether or not the leaders and managers in these institutions are motivated to improve their work-place. every last(predicate) these issues will be investigated through upshoting the following questions1.3.1 MAIN PROBLEMThe objective of this research paper is to determine the degree to which Ubuntu leadership style can influence the strategy management and implementation in a hospitality industry of siemens Africa.How does the Ubuntu leadership style usurpation on the outcome of the strategy management and implementation process in a Hospitality organization?1.3.2 SUB-PROBLEMSBelow are the sub- riddles which have been i dentified to be ideal wit h the main problem and gain insight into the habit that Ubuntu leadership plays in the strategy management and implementation process.Does the research literature reveal the founding of any evidential of Ubuntu leadership style to be more beneficial and important in terms of strategy management and implementation in southeast African Companies?Does the research literature reveal the existence of a significant relationship among Ubuntu style and strategy management in southernmost African industries?1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYThe aim is to discover how Ubuntu leadership can influence strategy management and implementation in an organisation. Thompson, Strickland and Gamble (2005 32 34) states that crafting a strategy, no matter how complex a undertaking is intimately easier than successfully implementing one. Strategy formulation is primarily an intellectual and creative act involving analysis and synthesis. Implementation is a hands-on, operations and action orientated body process that calls for leadership and managerial skills. in that locationfore Ubuntu leadership style often entails a change in corporate de vestation and therefore frequently requires a focus on effecting strategic change.Implementation is historically a top-management business closing strategic cap world power gaps and making sure a caller keep backs strategic focus. Strategy formulation and implementation are linked through learning (de Kluyver and Pearce, 2003 125-126). Grant (2002 526) mentions, New organizational structures and strategic priorities point to pertly models of leadership.. So the question is can Ubuntu style stand to the task to play the role of top management by communicating efficaciously and formation of new strategies?It is said that good leadership in todays organizations calls for actively involving everyone in the organization, leaders are still ultimately responsible for establishing get offion through vision and strategy (Daft. 2005 535). Th us the concept of Ubuntu can surely apply.The results of this research will be analysed to place emphasis on the crew of leadership styles required by a transformational and transactional leader during the strategic grooming process.1.5 DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDYThe research might face the difficulty of determining when the categories are saturated or when the theory is sufficiently detailed (Creswell, 1998 58). The grounded theory has been sarcastic for its failure to acknowledge implicit theories which guide work at an ahead of time stage.The limitation of this theory will be taken into consideration end-to-end the research and data analysis because there has never been any method in social science without being criticised. Every possible out come will be taken to ensure the rigid complaisance to the principles.1.6 translation OF TERMS1.6.1 UBUNTUThe doctrine of Ubuntu has been used in almost all the parts of Africa. This culture has been of Doctrine has been most used and applied in South Africa. Most Academic commentators have pointed out the philosophical caprice classification know as Ubuntu, which symbolises the beliefs, set, and behaviours of a large majority of the South African population.Ubuntu is define by Mangaliso (2001) as humanenessa permeative spirit of sympathize with and conjunction, harmony and hospitality, respect and responsivenessthat individuals and multitudes display for one another(prenominal). Ubuntu is the foundation for the s smasherle fiber values that manifest themselves in the ways African hatful think and suffer towards distributively other and everyone else they encounter (Mangaliso, 200124). Ubuntu has been viewed to be one of the most vituperative values in the African culture as a whole, and it is believed that this practice on the basis of management can be harmonious with the peoples of Africa. however the question still needs to answered is can Ubuntu can it compete and be of any expediency comprehe nsively (Mbigi, 2005 Mangaliso, 2001).1.6.2 leadershipLeadership has been well define by Gray (2004) that it is managing the behaveance of others in any organised set up (Gray, 2004 76). Conceivably the commonest constituent of definitions found in the literature concerns physical exertion influence in one way or another. This is quite take in since it implies that the exercisers of power should be able to have some ideas of their own about what they want to achieve, or what they want other individuals to do. In other words, they have vision, and are proactive in trying to turn that vision into truthfulness by involving other people.1.6.3 STRATEGIC leadingStrategic leadership is defined by Daft (2008) as follows The ability to anticipate and envision the future, maintain flexibility, think strategically and initiate changes that will create a competitive advantage for the organization in the future (Daft, 2008 511). The other definition of strategic Leadership is of Dubrin ( 2004) which provides a clearer picture of the concept of strategic leadership. This definition of Dubrin helps to understand the necessity and effectiveness of carrying out strategic management. He defines it as a Strategic management refers to the process of ensuring a competitive fit between the organization and its purlieu (Dubrin, 2004 401).1.6.4 MANAGEMENTManaging culture is another element of leadership. It is the entrepreneurial leaders role to shape the organizational culture by setting example, the norms, standards and defining the values of the organization. Rossouw, Le Roux and Groenewald (2003 167) state that managers often find it difficult to think that there could be a relationship between an organizations culture and its strategy.1.7 ASSUMPTIONSIt is assumed that for this study, the respondents of the questionnaires will answer all questions as openly and verity as possible. The respondents will answer the questionnaires on their own and that, the questionnaires wi ll not be completed in bases or influenced by other people or respondents. The respondents will answer the questionnaire in one sitting. All employees are ready and willing to be a part of the project work. All respondents will have technical and operational experience in their area of work. The results from this study which is focused on a particular sector (Hospitality industry) can be used in other organisation with the same elan of Ubuntu leadership in strategy management and implementation.2 LITERATURE check over2.1 INTRODUCTIONThe evolution and progression of natural management theories and practices in Africa has been naughtily affected and hindered by colonialism. The imposing of colonial administration was introduced by the westerly countries, and their management theories and practices are considered as the engine and the universal remedy for the continents socio-politico-economic development. The Western education, scholarship and prose generally diminished and deno unced the astonishing management competency and practices of archaeozoic African civilizations this is evidenced, for example, in the building of the great Egyptian pyramids. It is assumed that these so called foreign management systems generally failed to achieve the desired results as they discountenanced African cultural inertia and social milieu. The paper addresses the development and effective if Ubuntu leadership style in Strategy management and implementation. Ubuntu leadership is an African management philosophy, which is rooted in the African cultures, value system and beliefs, to provide the mulish way for the efficient and effective running of organizations in Africa, with the aim of having a global competitiveness. The Ubuntu leadership style or the new management techniques known by different scholars, puts such(prenominal) of its emphasis on humanness, communalism and African patriotism, and it provides the real starting point for the development of indigenous Afr ican management philosophy.2.2 DEFINITION OF UBUNTUA number of African researchers today have embarked on the advocacy for the indigenous African management philosophy that would serve the need of the African continent. In South Africa today, there is an emergency of a philosophical thought system derived from African culture, beliefs, and values and behaviours known as Ubuntu, (Ubuntu is a Bantu word importation, broadly, sharing and community). Mangaliso (2001) defines Ubuntu as humaneness a pervasive spirit of care and community, harmony and hospitality, respect and responsiveness that individuals and groups display for one another. Ubuntu is the foundation for the basic values that manifest themselves in the ways African people think and behave towards each other and everyone else they encounter( Mangaliso, 2001 24). According to Poovan, du Toit and Engelbrecht (2006) Ubuntu philosophy permits administrators, leaders and managers to tap into the familiar African values to b uild and reinforce their work surround effectively byTeaming up and organizing resources for survival this maintains productiveness and effectiveness which deep depends on shared values and individual contribution it encourages focus on communal (and differences) with reliance to minimize threat to survival through meshcreating of unified situations the spirit of solidarity, that is, mutual regard among members and individual adhesion to the group create situations defined by group behaviours sit together, focus, on each other, co-ordinate behaviourit enhances social oneness and participation sets up slack opportunities establish on handed-down pal abre central village billet for gatherings, activities, mediation, lasts, events and rituals.Thus Ubuntu is considered to be an important value of African culture that can form the foundation of African management (Ubuntu leadership) philosophy that is in gentle wind with the peoples of Africa. Though the proponent of Ubuntu l eadership have argued that the concept was created as a system of management practice, for competitive advantage and to command a universal appeal beyond the shores of the continent (Mbigi, 2005 Mangaliso, 2001). Mangaliso (2001) suggests that Incorporating Ubuntu principles in management hold the presage of superior mountes to managing organizations. Organizations infused with humanness, a pervasive spirit of caring and community, harmony and hospitality, respect and responsiveness will enjoy more sustainable competitive advantage (Mangaliso 2001 32). consequently, Ubuntu leadership system emphasizes on police squadwork, attention to relationships, mutual respect and empathy between leader and followers, and participative decision-making. These are very thorough principles of management, which hold promise for improving organization activities and surgery in South Africa and Africa at large.2.3 INFLUNCES OF UBUNTU LEADERSHIP IN MANAGEMENT2.3.1 UBUNTU LEADERSHIPThe distinctive feature about Ubuntu governance is an indigenous democracy with very deep African cultures that had emerged from African traditional institutions and practices. The hallmark of African traditional governance is the focus on collective stewardship (collectivism), license of expression, grass-roots participation, consultation, discussion and consensus to accommodate nonage needs and views (holism). The emphasis was not meet on majority views but also on compromise and accommodation. The focus was on the need to reach an acceptable consensus through discussions to accommodate minority groups and views in order to avoid majority group dictatorship. This was essential because the traditional African political institution was characterized by the cultural diversity of tribes and clans, which did not disappear as a result of majority rule (Mbigi, 199722).This autocratic leadership style expects subordinates to be submissive and obedient. Because leadership in late Africa is authoritar ian and politicized (Kiggundu, 1988226 Jaeger Kanunzo, 1990 17 Blunt Jones, 1992 6-23), such autocratic leadership styles, by expecting subordinates to be submissive and obedient, may stifle innovativeness and impede community pauperization and Ubuntu.2.3.2 MANAGEMENT AND IMPLEMENTATIONFor every industry especially in the Hospitality business, leadership basically deals with the human relations where problem solving, communication and decision making are promoted and cultivated. Leithwood and Mcleah (1987) indicate that highly effective leaders know many forms of decision-making are skilled in their use and are situationally subtle in their selection of a particular approach to decision-making (Leithwood and Mcleah, 198735). They are olibanum very analytical and rational in the way they perceive and perform their functions. Basson and Smith (1991) allude to the detail that effective leaders can be selected or trained. It is also useful to think of leadership as a generic term which refers to the process characterized by the interrelationships among people as they work together in the formation and achievement of shared goals (Basson and Smith, 1991148). Hallinger et al. (19899) claim that leadership in an industrial worldview influences people by developing a clear mission that provides an instructional focus for people throughout the community. Leadership does not reside exclusively with the chief or president in fact Weber (1989217) identifies the need to develop shared leadership in the community (Weber, 1989217). One of the current slopes in thinking regarding leadership is a shift from an instructional to a transformational leadership. Brandt (19923) declared that because of change and democracy instructional leadership is out transformational leadership is in. Such leadership is leadership for change (Brandt, 19923). other important aspect in hospitality industrys leadership is the shared vision. There is the discipline for translating individual vision into shared vision. People should feel submit to express their dreams, but also learn how to listen to each others dream. The fundamental role of leadership in Ubuntu setup is to create connotative meaning through significant but important rituals and ceremonies. Mbigi (1997) highlights that in traditional African communities the ultimate test of leadership maturity in terms of instruct and development is determined by the ease with which a new leader carries out rituals and ceremonies (Mbigi, 199719). It is through well-designed rituals and ceremonies that leaders can effectively manage collective meaning and collective boldness. It is not just an intellectual journey. It is a typic and emotional as well as a spiritual journey. Therefore effective leadership in Ubuntu requires people to have convivial experiences by digging deep into their emotional and spiritual resources. This may be akin to the mission and vision in a Hospitality industry and an industrial worldview .The reek of Ubuntu leadership system is to enhance governance, collective solidarity, respect, human self- charge and the right to freedom of expression, as well as collective trust and compassion. Ubuntu is central to indigenous governance systems and can be central to new-made governance.2.3.3 CAN UBUNTU LEADERSHIP SYSTEM BE RELIED UPONThere are some(prenominal) basic management principles derived from African tribal communities that embody this philosophy, including trust, interdependence and spirituality (Mbigi Maree, 2005). In the African management system context, the African Ubuntu philosophy represents humanness, a pervasive spirit of caring within the community in which the individuals in the community love one another. This Ubuntu approach plays a diametrical role in determining the success of any African organisation (Mangaliso, 200132). Ubuntu transcends the abridge confines of the nuclear family to include the extended kinship network that is ubiquitous in many African communities. As a philosophy, Ubuntu is an orientation to heart that stands in contrast to rampant individualism, insensitive competitiveness, and unilateral decision-making. The Ubuntu teachings are pervasive at all ages, in families, organisations and communities living in Africa.****2.4 IMPACTS OF UBUNTU LEADERSHIP2.4.1 EXPERIENCES OF UBUNTU LEADERSHIPAfrocentricity encompasses African history, traditions, culture, mythology, and the value systems of communities, according to Khoza (in Mangaliso, 2001278-279), the Chairperson of Eskom, the supplier of electricity in South Africa. Khoza believes that corporations in Africa will be successful if they adopt the Ubuntu management and leadership styles, which are people-centred. It is perhaps telling that Eskom registered an later-tax profit of R5.2 billion over a period of 15 months up to the end of March 2005 after the corporation had adopted the Ubuntu management philosophy (Broodryk, 200517).Similarly, Wolmarans (19954) reports that South African Airways (SAA) adopted an Ubuntu management system in 1994. Since then, the African Ubuntu philosophy has been a unprompted force in the company. The secret behind its success has been the publicly express core values of South African Airways these include corporate performance, node orientation, employee care, corporate citizenship, integrity, safety, innovation and teamwork, which are all embodied in the Ubuntu management philosophy. Improved results demonstrate that culture and leadership style play pivotal roles towards the achievement of set goals and strategies of an organisation.Emerging African management philosophies see an organisation as a community and can be summed up in one word Ubuntu (Mbigi Maree, 2005v-vi). An African Ubuntu management system recognises the significance of group solidarity that is prevalent in African cultures, acknowledging that an African leadership style involves group and community supportiveness, sharing and coo peration. Ubuntu-based leadership dictates sharing burdens during hard times, because by doing so, twinge is also shared and diminished. What is distinctive about the Ubuntu philosophy is the premise of a short memory of hate (Mazrui, 2001). Africans teach children to communicate effectively, reconcile, and find ways to cleanse and let go of hatred and give the children skills to do so. The Ubuntu approach to life enables people to express continued compassion and Perseverance within communities and institutions.2.4.2 LESSONS FROM THE LIVED EXPERIENCES OF UBUNTU LEADERSHIPAfrican organisations can build cooperation and competitive strategies by allowing teamwork based on Ubuntu principles to permeate the organisation (Mbigi Maree, 200593). As a people-centred philosophy, Ubuntu stipulates that a persons worth depends on social, cultural and spiritual criteria. It requires a life that depends on a normative engagement with the community, a substantive appreciation of the common goo d and a constitutive engagement with one another in a rational and ethical community.In this way, in order for a person to be identified as a true African, community and communality are substantive prerequisites. Communalism and collectivism are essential to the spirit of the African Ubuntu philosophy. equally important in Ubuntu relationships is the aspect of working with others as a team (English, 2002197 Poovan et al., 200617). A spirit of solidarity simultaneously supports cooperation and competitiveness amongst the team by allowing individuals to alter their best efforts for the betterment of the entire group.In a team setting, the existence of Ubuntu as a shared value system implies that team members are encouraged to strive towards the outlined team values, which consequently enhance their functioning together as a team (Poovan et al.,200625 Van den Heuvel et al., 200648). The team is brought one step closer to being effective because of the change magnitude level of team members commitment, loyalty and satisfaction, which ultimately has a positive impact on overallperformance. Thus, management systems that tend to focus on achievements of individual team members and not the entire group are likely to miss out on all the social and collective framework of an African society.2.4.3 IS UBUNTU STLYE OF LEADERSHIP HAVE A PLACE IN MODERN logical argument OPERATIONIssues of corporate governance are becoming more pronounced in modern business practices. Corporate governance, which is intertwined with business ethical motive, is considered critical in organisational practice, as well as in general corporate productivity (Rossouw, 2005105). The founding principles of business ethics and corporate governance are in line with the Ubuntu philosophy of regarding all members of an organisation as part of the community. It is this direct involvement of and with community members that brings about greater solidarity, love, caring and sharing within a grouping (organ isation).A major governance challenge in current governance issues has been corruption, which reveals the moral depravity and badness of the perpetrators (Broodryk, 2005 Moloketi, 2009 Nyarwath, 2002). Generally, corruption is caused by a lack of commitment to moral beliefs by the perpetrators, which is in turn due to the Weak moral will of an individual towards other people. putridness can be seen as2.5 CONCLUSION OF LITERATURE REVIEW2.5.1 HOW unspoilt IS UBUNTU LEADERSHIPIn a Western worldview, the concept leadership accommodated the sense of belonging, as did the Ubuntu worldview. Sergiovanni (1982231) supports this when he says leadership promotes the feeling of actual belonging, participating, being co-partners in the entire organization. In all, a leader who has leadership skills sees to the rapid growth of the organization. Leadership skills are situationally specific, of short duration, and focused on specific objectives or outcomes.The Ubuntu philosophy represents an Afri can conception of human beings and their relationship with the community that embodies the ethics defining Africans and their social behaviours (Dia, 1992 Mbigi, 200575 Van den Heuvel, Mangaliso Van de Bunt, 200648). Africans are social beings that are in constant communion with one another in an environment where a human being is regarded as a human being only through his or her relationships to other human beings (Tutu in Battle, 199739-43). Therefore, the survival of a human being is dependent on other people the community and society.2.5.2 CAN UBUNTU LEADERSHIP AND WESTERN LEADERSHIP WORK TOGETHER? *****The Ubuntu management system and the new management techniques as advocated by African management scholars, set the revolutionary agenda for evolving an indigenous African management philosophy that will emphasize our cultural traits of humanness, communalism, and democratic decision-making in organizational life. African governments and the private sector must support the dev elopment of African management philosophy through creating an enabling environment for management research and the provision of adequate research funds or grants.3 explore METHODOLOGY3.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY / PARADIGM3.2 RESEARCH DESIGNIn investigating the phenomenon, the interpretative approach, particularly constructive-interpretative paradigm will be used in the study taking into account its ability to generate an in-depth understanding regarding factors that impacts on Ubuntu leadership (Cohen et al, 2007155 Creswell, 200352 McMillan Schumacher, 2006318). In the course of investigations, the interpretative approach would allow, the researcher to explore, analyse, describe, and show the relationships between Ubuntu and strategy management and implementation. That will be made possible because the phenomenon of Ubuntu and leadership will be investigated in their unique and natural setting (Lauer, 200676). Simply put all interviews, observational field notes and documents analys es would be done at the participant place.In employing the qualitative research design, a case study will be employed to sample participants, collect data, and analyse data as shown below.3.3 POPULATION AND SAMPLE3.3.1 POPULATIONThe focus for this study will be on employers and employees of huntsman group of companies which is a Hospitality Industry. The company has faculty numbering around 1000 employees. Orion is sub-divided into many different business branches and each business branch is run as a business on its own. The research study focuses on Orion group the faculty compliment at each branch is comprised of about 100 full time permanent employees. From the total number of employees working at Orion Braamfontein office, all are eligible to participate. Over 15 participants out of the 50 employees will be selected for the purpose of this study and will form the sucker population for the study.3.3.2 SAMPLE AND SAMPLING METHODThe researcher will use a purposive sample distri bution to select participants. The identified sample comprised of xv participants seven men and eight women. According to Budhal (200062), Creswell (200352) and, McMillan and Schumacher (2006317), a sample represents a small and distinct group of information-rich informants that would enable the researcher to understand the problem in depth. The criteria for selecting such information-rich sample amongst others, is that participants who are knowledgeable, informative and willing to chew up (Lauer, 200678 McMillan Schumacher, 2006319).Regarding the availability of the administration offices, it will assist in maximising privacy and confidentiality during interview sessions (Keats, 200030 Pedroni Pimple, 200111). Furthermore, purposive sampling will be done by combining strategies like site selection, network sampling and sampling by case in order to maximize its impact. Lastly, licence would be sought from the Orion Head office.Having discussed how the participants would be sel ected in the bordering section, the proposal explains how data will be collected.3.4 THE RESEARCH INSTRUMENTThe legal instrument to be used for data collection is a questionnaire. The questionnaire is chosen as it is the most popular form of data collection. It is important for the questionnaire to be constructed in such a way as to gain as much useful information from the respondent as possible (Newell, 1993, 48). With this, great care, time and efforts would be put into the construction of this research studys questionnaire as to obtain as much useful information as possible. Questionnaires are created to be simplified to understand, avoid ambiguous, draw up leading questions, quick and simple to answer (Kidder Judd, 1993).In this case, questionnaire will be distributed to participants and collected once they have been completed. These questionnaires will be distributed through email, containing a hyperlink to

Socrates And Importance Self Reflection Philosophy Essay

Socrates And Importance Self Reflection Philosophy demonstrate1. Socrates developed this philosophy when he himself was facing some challenges as he was facing trial for corrupting young hoi polloi and undermining the state religion. Socrates erst said that the unexamined piecener is non worth living. In this he was Socrates wanted forward various issues including the independent of head teacher or autonomy, if an exclusive does non smoothen on their values and manners and just living reflection the likes of they ar going through a motion. One be pass ons like a mere cog in the machinery of that is the human universe. When we feed experiences whether easily or bad we should think ab issue them and try to identify out why they ar happening to us. One should al modes question their ad hominem actions, what drives them, and we should remodel our character into a behavior we feel it is the most confiscate and non what others or situations think.A life that has non been examined has no author, for the someone did not live his life still mere followed the force of disposition or others. therefrom it is very substantial for an psyche to be examined for it helps them to find their place in the society. match to Socrates the human life is supposed to be for one to achieve both psycheal and spiritual growth. An person leave behind be adapted to understand their true nature when they examine and reflect on the life they ar living. By having an examination on the life we live we exit matterter understand our pattern of air. By deeply contemplation on our life we will better understand our subconscious mind mind which is what controls our life. Therefore if we do not make time to understand our subconscious we will unconscious be living a repetitive life with no meaning.Examining our life relates to philosophy as it means we carry to place time to study our behavior and find ways of improving this behavior.2. Plato in the discussio n that he made on the myth of the undermine, he distinguish on aspects of aw argonness which atomic number 18 knowledge and opinion. In the myth of the hollow he described how one has been deeply chained inside a undermine. As they atomic number 18 chained in the cave their zeal upnot strike individually other and they acquire restricted vision and what they female genitalia only see is the wall in the cave and which sees shadows from statues belonging to animals and various objects emanating from a burning at the stake fire. One of the chained individuals escaped from their captivity in the cave to the start out of the day. After escaping the person sees real cosmosness for the first time and goes foul to those still in the cave and informs them that they have only been seeing appearances and shadows and if they weight-lift to free themselves they will see the real world out on that point.The environment in the cave which has appearances that argon shadowy it shows to for Plato is the appearance that is in that location in the physical world. The escape to the world full of the sun outside of the cave is a symbol of transitioning into a world that is real, where things ar full and ameliorate, and at that place are real forms, this are the true aspects of knowledge. Plato argued that Forms are arranged agree to hierarchy. With the top Form cosmos the form that is rock-steady, according to the myth of the cave is the sun. The sun which acts as the form of favourable helps to explain on how an individual becomes aware of how things they are the way they are or how they came to be. The cave stands for the world which is in our imagination, the in the shadows cave shows of how at passive state that we are at when thinking. Those who fall to learn in the cave are the individuals who have empirical knowledge and are able to make predictions. The knowledge that they have is not useful but a shadow. Education is only important if it ca n be able to free someone from their bondage. Every individual has an ability to think and If does not utilize this it is because he is held by chains.3. Elizabeth Spelman at one time claimed that, women have been portrayed as bodily being. By portraying the cleaning lady this way she is denied her status that belongs to her as a human being. According to Rene Descartes who is true to have developed the theory of Cartesian dualism, he argued of distinction amid the mind and the corpse and they are as well separate. Cartesian dualism states that the popular opinions of a man are a reflection of his beliefs, values, conditions, experiences, and development.The Cartesian dualism that speaks of the independence and separation of the mind and dead body perpetuates a sexist beliefs and behaviours. This is because it privileges the cognitive and intellectually is represented. This masculine discourses Spelman argued that it deeds in reproducing a disembodied way of thinking which bl inds large number on how a normal world is. Spelman argued that the viewing of the woman as a property or a sex product undermines who the woman is. Elizabeth Spelman the Cartesian dualism is used to justify why the women are subordination especially in fields such as Politics.The stereotyping of women is a dangerous aspect in the society, judging a woman based on her body is an abuse to the women. The theory tends to give accredited roles to women, like that they have a certain position in the society and they are field that are specifically for them and others they should not venture into. They are seen as models and not engineers.4. Aristotle refuted Plato Theory of Ideas contestation that, that the existence of various Ideas that contradict themselves and deny in that respect being a possibility of a negation. He likewise argued that the portraying of Ideas was an empty metaphors and ultimately that the theory used various impermanent abstractions that created perception. The theory by Plato was meant to open that the knowledge of universe was. Aristotle considered the crease to be full of inconsistencies and he look atd that reality depended on correlations of other elements. These ideas, Plato believed were self contained absolutes and are permanent and they help in establishing what knowledge is and how it is attained by use of human thought. Plato also viewed Ideas as good standards to which it can be used to judge human determination and at the top of hierarchy of ideas leads is that of Good.Also the theory argued that that the states of being are based or dependent on the interaction of number of Forms of existence, also the objectivity of knowledge and on that pointfore more real, it also argued that only the surgical procedurees that are from nature are valid entities. However, Aristotle attacks this theory on the grounds that Platos arguments are inconclusive any his assertions are not al all cogent. Aristotle says, or his arguments lead to contradictory deaths. Aristotle claimed that the argument by Plato makes one to conclude that those entities that powerfulness be man-made and the negation of great ideas can exist like from non good in when in opposition to good. This workings in contradicting the belief by Plato which was that only natural objects can be used by unto themselves, that they are independent of the subjective experiences of human. Aristotle argued that Ideas cannot be abstractions but they are duplicates experiences that are witnessed by individuals everyday in their daily life. Aristotle meant that Platos idea which stated that Ideas are not tangible to the subjective human experiences is perfect entities, has no grounds, since all standards are set by the perception and ordinary human activity.5. Behaviorism is a theory of that believes that that all human behaviors are learnt or acquired through the process of conditioning. The process of conditioning happens when an individual interacts with the environment. Behaviorism experts believe that behavior can be effectively studied in an observable and systematic way without the consideration of the internal mental states in the subject of which the behavior is being studied. Behavior theorists believe that learning is just but the acquisition of behavior and this acquisition is conditioned by the environment that the person lives in. there are both methods of conditioning, namely the classical conditioning and the operant conditioning.According to dualism there are number a number of uses of thought. The idea of dualism believes that, for everything, there are two options or categories of principles or things. A dualist will believe that there is Good and Evil. The dualist belief that the two things or principles, are independent able opposing forces in the world. In the mind philosophy, dualism theory believes that the mind and body is radically different thing. It is a theory that tends to say that everything come s from the mind and the body and that both are very different and distinct. The spirit, mind, or soul is thought to be the conscious and it help to show the self using the brain.The computational theory of mind argues that mind of human beings should be seen as a system for processing information. It also argues that thoughts are a form of computation.I prefer behaviorism as I belief that all behaviors that people exhibit are based on the environment that they live in. I buckramly believe that behavior is learned by people.6. Berkeley argued that the position of noble-mindedness can be held without any contradiction. Berkeley tried to portray realism as absurd, since it needed some concepts that cannot be conceptualized in reality. Therefore Berkeley made a conclusion that idealism was necessary, and the only theory we should work to understand. Realism is the ontological position which believes that there exists some things that which are neither in our minds or they are ideas i n minds and idealism is the ontological position that believes that everything which exists it exists as either as an idea in a mind or a mind.Anti realist believe that what cannot be observed is not real. They insist that people can only understand anything if they come to understand the circumstances it is the way it is. They deny the objective reality that is of entities. They also deny the verifying of pedagogy that are transcendent on a certain entity whether true or dour.Berkeley and anti realist have several things in common which include that he did not believe in realism but believed in idealism which he considered to be essential to people. He argued that for a concept to be concrete it has to be observable. This is the same as what anti realist hold.7. Jean-Paul Sartre, made the formulate that existence precedes encumbrance. In the past it was assumed that nature or subject matter was more important eternal than existence. The phrase that existence precedes essence means, that universe and reality, exist before there are any morals or values. An individual is born with nothing in their mind. Also human beings do not have any universal or form of predetermined principles that are common to all.Sartre made an argument of there being two kinds of being, being-in-itself which demonstrated as being complete, fixed, and there being no tenableness of it there, it just is, it works to describe the external objects. The other being is showed as being dependent on the way it previously existed. It is fixed, absolute and works to describe the state of humanity.There being no preformed essence or a clear what to be human is, an individual is tasked to form their experience concept about existence this can be achieved by an individual ensuring that they assert control and show responsibility for their choices and acts. Human beings gain their essence by their choices and actions that they make as individuals. It by living that an individual is able to define who truly they are.By life that we experience every day, we are involved in a process that shapes our identity. Since there is no set moral code that has been set for us to abide with, then there people as individuals have a fundamental freedom to image that they create their personal system of belief.8. The ontological argument is an argument on the existence of theology. The argument is based on reason and intuition alone. As per the argument, it states that that one should not assure for any physical evidence to show that beau ideal exists. But by merely thinking about it we can realize that God exists. In philosophy this argument is referred to as priori argument.According to the ontological argument, human beings are wise enough to know claims ludicrous without even by looking into this claims and to find out. The argument claims that the thought that there is no God and does not exist is an absurd thought. According to the ontological argument, human beings can ea sily be able to decide that it is false or wrong to claim that there is no God this last can be made without one spending his time to look at the details of the existence of God. This is compared to one knowing what a triangle is which means it is obvious that it is insurmountable to have a four-sided triangle. The argument states that by one knowing the meaning of God it would be impossible for one to contemplate of God being non-existence.Descartes argued that it was impossible for people to demonstrating there being or existence of God who he considered to be imperious and a perfect being. Since human beings supposes and conceive the idea that there exists a imperious and perfect being. Therefore because we all have an idea of the supreme and perfect being, it is therefore imperative that we should all make a conclusion that this supreme perfect being does surely exists.9. There being hellish and a lot of paroxysm in the world poses a bulky challenge for one to belief in the existence of a God who is perfect. The difficulty of malefic is an argument which argues that a God who is all-knowing, all powerful, and who is short good should not reserve any form of suffering or wicked to happen. The world today is full of countless aspects of people suffering and there being too much evil. The facts on the presence of evil and people suffering do counterpoint with the claim by the Orthodox theists that there is a God who is perfectly good. This challenge by this conflict is known as the problem of evil.Some argue that God could have a reason that is morally enough reason for him to allow there being some evils to happen, by doing this he ensures that a big good is seen or comes out of the evil. But those against argue that God should only permit evil or suffering as it should be necessary so as to attain a bigger good. But when people look at the world, there are a lot of prevalent incidences of excess evils that has no bigger good that comes out as a result. They also argue that the existence of pointless evil provide a strong case that God does not exist.Philosophers and theologians have worked to develop theodicies, which are responses that are meant to explain the argument from evil and help people to still have a belief in a God that is all-knowing, all-powerful and perfect and good. Some state that God allows people to undergo pointless evil for reason that are above human comprehension.10. Pascal Wager argued that that is practiced to believe that there is God since if later you learn that you were wrong you will have lost nothing. Also if one doesnt believe in God and it turns out to be incorrect, they will go to hell. He therefore believed it was not wise to be an atheist. I personally do not believe in this argument as it has several flaws.The argument doe not tell of which religion one should follow. Since there are many religions that are mutually exclusive and contradict each other example is Christianity and Isl am. Therefore one might end up avoiding pietying the wrong God gum olibanum avoiding the wrong hell and eventually end up in hell. ensample is in both Christianity and Islam they both belief in there being hell yet their practices are very different and they both worship God, which God should one follow?Another flaw is that the argument that the person who the bet losses everything, it might be that he loses nothing. If an individual puts his bet on the wrong beau ideal, the consecutive God just may decide to punish the person who bet wrong for his foolish behavior. Also the True God might be an independent God who respects the right hand of other people believing in what they reason rationally, therefore he does not pick on the bet.I also have a problem with somebody deciding to believe in a god since they think they have made a choice which will twirl them a lot of benefits and less danger. This might be a problem as the god you believe in might have a problem in one believ ing in it so as to benefit by being allowed into heaven or not to be punished in hell. The god might be fair but on the choices that people made, were they selfish choice?

Consumer Behaviour: Apple Iphone4 Users Vs Samsung

Consumer Behaviour apple Iph unrivaled4 engagementrs Vs SamsungSamsung started off in the course of instruction 1938 by Byung-Chull Lee as a sm altogether club that started their exportation business in Korea They had exporting of fish, vege put everywheres and fruit to China. It wasnt long before Samsung desexualize their presence in flour mills as easily as confectionary machines. After numerous years of striving on that point company determoed for as a cooperation company in the year 1951. It was consequently they rapidly grew placing foot in several(a) diversified businesses from heavy, chemical and petrochemical industries in 1958 which and so led them to enter into Electronics in 1969. Samsung has now transformed into a one of the Leaders today in the Digital Electronics industry. They baffle Headquarter in the Samsung townsfolk a town in Seoul, South Korea.Samsung had major(ip)ly influenced in the South Korean foodstuff and effected the various sectors i.e fr om economic ingathering, politics, media as well as the culture. Samsung is responsible for al around 20% of South Koreas exports and revenues. They ready grabbed a mannequin of monopoly place in the South Korean companies. Samsung has set a bench mark in international businesses today and is considered as a graphic symbol model. apple Inc. was formed in the year 1976 by Steve Jobs, Ronald Wayne and Steve Wozniak. They began business selling computers, orchard apple tree I personal computer kit. orchard apple tree is an American based company that has focussed there entire business in the designing, manufacturing and selling various electronic devices, computer softw are and personal computers. There headquarters is in a suburban city called Cupertino located in California.The company deals in the Macintosh line of computers which are the initial successful hardware products, the iPod, i send for, iPad. apple operating arrangement the Mac OS X operating system the iTunes media browser iLife is the suite required for multimedia and creativity software. orchard apple tree youngly considered as one of the prime company in view of grocery cut in capitalization, and the leading company in term of technology in the world. orchard apple tree was stated as the admired company that was published by circle magazine 2011.The state of the art design and innovation in device characteristics was what do orchard apple tree to oscilloscope heights even without much of investments into advertisements, apple had achieved a top solo grade in the consumer electronics industry which completely boosted its fool image to heights never attained by any other(a).. This come throughed them a devoted guest base that are die heart apple vane, especially in the USA. ware OverviewSamsung extragalactic nebula S2Apple i yell 4SSIZEDimensions125.3 x 66.1 x 8.5 mm115.2 x 58.6 x 9.3 mmWeight116 g140 gDISPLAYTypeSuper AMOLED Plus capacitive ghostwriterscreen, 16M colorsLED -backlit IPS TFT, capacitive touchscreen, 16M colorsSize480 x 800 pixels, 4.3 inches (217 ppi pixel density)640 x 960 pixels, 3.5 inches (330 ppi pixel density) Gorilla Glass display Scratch-resistant oleophobic surface TouchWiz UI v4.0 Multi-touch stimulant drug method Multi-touch input method Accelerometer detector for auto-rotate Accelerometer sensor for UI auto-rotate Three-axis gyro sensor Touch-sensitive controls Proximity sensor for auto turn-off Proximity sensor for auto turn-off gyroscope sensorInternal16GB/32GB storage, 1 GB RAM16/32/64 GB storage, 512 MB RAMCard slotmicroSD, up to 32GB, 8 GB included, buy memoryNoCAMERA essential8 MP, 32642448 pixels, autofocus, LED flash8 MP, 32642448 pixels, autofocus, LED flashFeaturesGeo-tagging, touch focus, face and smile detection, image stabilizationTouch focus, geo-tagging, face detection, HDR idiot boxYes, emailprotectedYes, emailprotected, LED video light, video stabilization, geo-taggingSecondaryYes, 2 MPYes, VGAFEATURESOSAnd roid OS, v2.3 (Gingerbread), planned upgrade to v4.0iOS 5ChipsetExynosApple A5CPUDual-core 1.2 gigacycle per aid Cortex-A9Dual-core 1 GHz Cortex-A9GPUMali-400MPPowerVR SGX543MP2RadioStereo FM radio with RDSNoGPSYes, with A-GPS supportYes, with A-GPS support and GLONASSJavaYes, via Java MIDP emulatorNo expeditious noise cancellation with apply mic MicroSIM card support only NFC support ( preferional) Scratch-resistant meth back panel TV-out (via MHL A/V link) Active noise cancellation with dedicated mic SNS integration Siri natural language commands and dictation Digital compass iCloud becloud serviceBATTERYStandard battery, Li-Ion 1650 mAhStandard battery, Li-Po 1432 mAhStand-byUp to 710 h (2G) / Up to 610 h (3G)Up to 200 h (2G) / Up to 200 h (3G)Talk timeUp to 18 h 20 min (2G) / Up to 8 h 40 min (3G)Up to 14 h (2G) / Up to 8 h (3G) securities industry and Competitor outlineDuring Q2 of 2011 they had gross legal professionters of 428.7 million units in the international sal es of mobile devices to discontinue users. A direct 16.5 percent increase from the second quarter of the forward year 2010 according to Gartner Inc. as shown in T subject 1.1. Smart earpieces sales were up 74 percent year-on-year and ac depended for 25 percent of overall sales in the second quarter of 2011, up from 17 percent in the second quarter of 2010.Consumers in developed grocerys are purchases midrange Android smartphones over feature phones, mainly striken due to carriers and manufacturers promotions. 1(Gatner)Since we are focussing on the smart-phone member, we have considered companies such as Nokia, Samsung, Apple RIM.Nokia is still leads in market share in the overall industry. But we can see that in smartphone segment the sales is low due to the upliftedly rivalrous market that reduced the customer demand towards Symbian.Samsung, attained a rapid growth in the Smartphone segment during the recent years. wandflower-S2 sold about nearly 10milion units by end of November. The fast(a) slaying in smartphones helped in achieving a good crunch of market share to become the third best vendor in this segment.Apple, iphone 4S stock a overwhelming response from the consumers as it had 4 million pre- orders. The growth mainly came from 42 new carriers and 15 peeled countries in Q2 2011. nitty-gritty Apple sales coverage is in around 100 countries.RIM, market share in smart phone declined by 12% by Q2 2011. It had lost its position No.5 in the international mobile device to a Chinese vendor called ZTE.Among all the smart-phone segments our major focus is between iphone (4/4S) and Samsung galax S2. From the below t competent of bring up analysis it is seen that twain have a threat of intense argument and highly developed market. Apple iphone(4/4S) is having a advantage of first mover. Samsung beetleweed S2 is considered to be a price-value product which is its major strength but lacks the Brand value in comparison to the Apple iphone.Samsung Ga laxy S2StrengthsPrice-value productGood scattering channelsVariety in Product Line for all segments4G is available in S2 well-fixed User InterfaceWide Screen, Gorilla glassWeaknessLooks not majesticLacks Brand valueOpportunitiesGoogle SupportIndependent Hardware UnitNew status symbolThreatsIntense competitionHighly Developed MarketApple iphone 4StrengthsFirst MoverStyle/ BrandRich User InterfaceUser BaseHypeOpportunities animate Applications trusty customer baseDistribute itune contentSiriMarket PositioningApple has already established a place in the minds of the quite a little that it is a precise high value product and is portrayed as a sign of perfection. Apple iphone quickly jumped the starting build and straight remote went to growth by their rising sales, growing number of competitors and strong awareness. This is attract possible only by take ining the unrealized needs, design and talent to operate with any computer operating system. After the launch of iphone a new era of touch was establishd that made the other competitors to launch resembling kind of product in this segment. Samsung being one of the major faker introduced Corby which became a hit among the value consumers, and then in order to gain market share of the high end consumers they launched the Galaxy serial publication.Targeting the females Samsung had launched Galaxy S2 in Pink colour which alike gained a lot of new customers for them.In Q2 Q3 Apple had a sale of 38million worldwide whereas then Samsung had a sale of 10 million in the same quarters.Company Focussed aspiration FocussedPushes the BoundariesLeader AppleChallenger SamsungStays within the Boundaries deferral Lava/SpiceFollower LG/Motorola/HTCApplePrelaunch StrategyPublic RelationsBlogs crimp Peak on RD infoBuzz Viral marketing lay out Strategy release MediaTVOutdoor MediaSocial MediaApple.comPost fling StrategyCarrier handled advertisementApple.comIndependent review websitesDigital CampaignsSamsung also have pu sh pull strategy for the product launches and promotion of the products. equate to Apple, Samsung creates buzz among the consumers by showcasing their products in trade shows exhibitions. Samsung also launches the teaser videos and move media information to promote the product before the launch. In Dubai there are no banners or print media advertisements for Apple, however there are many banners available for Galaxy S2 at different places. Samsung have many ordained You Tube channels for the different geographic locations. To compete with Apple in USA Samsung launched an semiofficial signup page for Galaxy S2 where potential buyers can login to understand the various features of the phone and chat with the official customer support centre. As a challenger strategy Samsung is into aggressive advertisement against the Apple with series of new advertisement especially for US market in which they have shown the new technology innovation of 4G which is currently not supported by an y iPhone.For SamsungPrelaunch StrategyPublic RelationsExhibitions Trade showsTeaser VideosPrint MediaYou Tube VideosLaunch StrategyPrint MediaYou Tube VideosIntense TV AdvertisingOutdoor MediaSocial MediaSamsung.comPost Launch StrategyBannersPromoters principal sum advertizings OffersIndependent review websitesTrade shows/ExhibitionsPricing StrategyiPhone is available in three different versions of Phone memory 16GB, 32GB, 64GB whereas Samsung is only available in 16GB only. Both are available in Locked and unlocked versions. Locked versions are unremarkably available in 2years contract in USA (ATtT), UAE (Etisalat du), India (Airtel Aircel).The below table gives the set of the 2 smart-phone giants in three different regionsIn terms of pricing Apple has come up with many following strategiesTo orbit out to the Maximum consumers they have launched locked and unlocked versions with profound price differences in some countries.Their pricing differs depending on country to coun try in Asian countries they have positioned as a Luxury product.Prices are higher than their competitors because of people perceive them as the state of the art technology.Apple has fixed pricing strategy, changes in pricing occurs only when a newer version of the product is launched.In terms of pricing Samsung has come up with many following strategiesTo reach out to the Maximum consumers they have launched locked and unlocked versions with significant price differences in some countries.Samsung provides a normal pricing structure irrespective of the geographic location.Samsung maintains prices at a competitive price with their competitors.Samsung is now gradually trim prices in order to maximize sales and attract new customers to better their market penetration.Consumer BehaviourMethodologyWe have conducted the consumer behaviour survey by framing a questionnaire and distributed it to the users of iPhone Samsung Galaxy S2 in DIAC(Dubai International Academic city). We have cons idered a sample size of 40 constituting of 20 Samsung Galaxy S2 users and 20 Apple iPhone 4 users(as iPhone 4S has not been officially launched in Dubai yet). With the feedback we have authoritative through our survey we are conducting our statistical analysis and the results are as given belowThe two main objectives of this survey was to understand the finish process of the consumer before purchasing the phone. The 2nd objective is to measure the aim of consumer satisfaction among the two smartphone users.Product Attributes influencing the decision making in buy the phoneThe three basic attributes which came as an important factor later on analyzing the data are Brand value, mathematical operation Features/Specifications.Brand Value is real important among the consumers of both Galaxy S2 iPhone4. It has been seen in our survey 59% were Apple users who got more than influenced by Apple Brand to purchase their phone compared to Samsung that is 41%.Performance is an exceedi ngly important factor for both iPhone as well as Galaxy users. As shown in the piegraph the S2 users were more influenced by performance of the phone as this one of the attribute that led them to prefer Samsung smartphones to the iPhone.Features/Specifications is an extremely important prestigious factor for purchasing phone for the users of iPhone and Galaxy S2. For Galaxy S2 it is inferred that 54% users were influenced by this to purchase the phone compared to iPhone which is just 46%. strength of Attributes that led to this decisionThis is to understand the various medium which has played a important role to facilitate the decision process. In both Samsung Galaxy S2 and iPhone4 newsworthiness of mouth and advertising played a crucial role where as industrial publications and trade show events were not that impactful.As seen in the pie graph Samsung has 64% and iPhone 4 has just 36%. Being a challenger Galaxy S2 and shown above having high influence for its performance and spec ifications word of mouth has become an important factor.Samsung has been more influential with its advertisements compared to Apple as seen in the chart towards the left. They used Teaser videos and was more aggressive in their Advertising strategy for Galaxy S2.Inferences of the product through AdvertisementsThere were original attributes shown in the Ad for the two products. After watching the Ads consumers had perceived that these attributes, Product is of High Quality, Brand Awareness, Were the Claims made believable are important than other attributes.Inspite of the aggressive advertisements strategy that Samsung had shown, Apple still managed to portray their product as a High Quality product from rattling few of their official advertisements.As we have seen the Brand value is a high influential factor while purchasing iPhone. This must have been generated through brand awareness in which advertisement is one of the factors.As we have seen from the unusual selling propositi on, Apple had always shown advertisements stressing more upon their Applications. This claim made by them is more believable, as seen from the pie chart. nodes who relied on net Research for their Decision of their PhoneIt is seen from the people we surveyed that there are high number of people who use Internet to understand the overall specifications of the phone. From this we can infer that Internet is a major factor for making their decision for the product.From the results we derived its been seen that Review websites played a major role in the customers who bought Samsung Galaxy S2 whereas You Tube and Company websites were close to influenced in the buying process of iPhone4 users.Its quite clear from the chart that most of these two smartphone users have experienced the phone prior to purchase.From the bar chart we interpret that the highest number of people using the Samsung Galaxy S2 got inspired by using their friends phone which led them to the purchase of the same. How ever, in the case of iPhone both friends phone and company showroom both play a live role. As the major dealers like Sharaf DG and Jumbo they have a exclusive section for iPhone.Its clear from the bar charts that majority of iPhone users are all Die-Heart fans whereas Galaxy S2 users are all Inspired users who experienced the phone and then decided to have it. In this we can see that Apple has a strong Brand allegiant customer Base.Now we arrived to the final phase of our survey where we measure the customer satisfaction post purchase of the PhoneFrom the Survey we inferred that majority of the users in both the brand smartphones are really quenched and agreeing that the phone is fun and easy to use. However, the iPhone4 had a higher count in the number of people who found it more fun and easy.We inferred from the pie chart that majority of the users of Galaxy S2 as well as iPhone4 were Very commodious about the Quality made of the phone. However, the iPhone4 had a higher count in the number of people who had said has a better quality make of the case.The majority of consumers were very satisfied with the features which were suiting there need in both the smart phone as we can see from the graph. However, the Galaxy S2 had a higher count in the number of people who had the printing that it suited their needs.The internet experience is having more satisfied consumer for iphone compare to Samsung coltsfoot S2. Nonethe little majority of the mobile users were very satisfied about their Internet access experience.When it comes to application majority of the two phone users were very satisfied with what their phone provided them. But then when we compare between the two phones we see that iPhone4 had more number of people who were very satisfied with their online Application fund as they have an app for almost anything.Both the phone users had majority users who were very satisfied with the photo and video clarity their phone had, but analyze between the t wo phones its seen in the piechart, iPhone has more very satisfied customers in respect to Photo and camera clarity.Sound Performance was ranked very satisfied for both the phone user in majority, Galaxy S2 has more very satisfied customers compared to iPhone4 as we can see from the pie chart.Clearly from the bar chart its visible that iPhone users are not happy with the Battery relief pitcher the phone provides, whereas for Galaxy S2 its having an uneven distribution so what we understand is the phone gives different battery backup depending on the purpose of what the user does the most.SWOT Analysis on tush of Consumer Behaviour SurveyOn the basis of our consumer behaviour survey we have redefined our SWOT AnalysisApple iPhone 4StrengthsFirst MoverBrand of High Quality AwarenessLoyal User BasePhoto Video ClarityApplication store UseInternet Access ExperienceWeaknessLimited Distribution channelsLess AdvertisementLess Word of MouthOpportunitiesExisting ApplicationsLoyal customer baseThreatsGorilla AttackIntense competitionHighly Developed MarketSamsung Galaxy S2StrengthsFeature/SpecificationPerformanceGood Distribution channelsSound PerformanceSuiting Customer NeedsBattery Backup SatisfactionOpportunitiesWord of MouthAdvertisementRecommendationsFor SamsungSamsung should focus on brand building strategies.Samsung should tactically plan and rectify, to create a feeling among the customers that Galaxy S2 is a reliable product of high quality.That company needs to focus on to influence people to opt their product in the coming future through internet and fond media.For AppleApple should focus more on advertisements.Apple should make their product available by opening more company stores.Apple should focus on the product availability on the global racing shell after the product launch.ConclusionIt is seen from our studies that this industry is having a strong competitive scenario and technologically innovative segment. Due to its high aggressive nature there i s a constant change in the innovation of the products within less span of time.In both the product Galaxy S2 iPhone4 having an edge over each other in some or the other attributes for e.g. Apple is known for its brand value where as Samsung is known for its performance. Samsung being a challenger is more aggressive towards its marketing strategy and in recent times they have started Gorilla attacks especially in American European Markets. Compare to Apple Samsung have wide range of distribution across worldwide which is their major strength. The major strength for Apple is its large unwavering customer base without any effective marketing they are able to maintain it.There is a belief that the challenger may currently will become the leader in this segment but as we have seen in past that Apple has always brought innovation in their product and with this they have gain first mover advantage and able to capture high market share. So in future we opine that there will be a fierc e competition in the smart phone segment not only between these two companies but with other companies coming in the picture to gain significant market share.

Business Studies coursework Task 8 continued: :: Business and Management Studies

Business Studies coursework Task 8 moveLatest news shows that the simple machine conjunction, MG bird of passage will be taken over bya Chinese car manufacturer. This may vastly affect the gross sales of carproduction for the MG Rover Company. The guild kidnap Automotivewill own 70% of the company whilst MG Rover owning 30%, which meansthat the company may assortment names and affect nodes who alreadyown a MG car, import they may feel unhappy with the change, as thecompany production maybe moving to China. This means sales andcustomer joy may change dramatically for the business.As the company is taking over (Shanghai Automotive) this means thatthey are going to inject around 1 trillion pounds aiming to make over100 million cars a year. This means miserliness over 6000 jobs that would score been depleted if the Chinese car manufacturers had non inject upwith the money to save the business. This maybe recognised by thepublic, meaning that they like the new changes as t hey will be able to involve on with their job.However, the problems that have occurred are that they want toconcentrate the main manufacturing of the car over in China, andbringing machines and technology over to Britain, but except areconsidering making around 200,000 cars. This means that the carsavailable are lower, and that pot who buy the cars may think thatthey are buying a British car, but are buying a car exported fromChina, which they may not like. Especially if something goes wrongwith the car that they have bought, they do not hold out if thither arelocal garages and car manufacturers near their homes. This could meanthat the customer is unhappy as more expenses are organism made scarcely tosatisfy there non-British car. They may also be against the fact thatthere car has not been made in Britain therefore it can moreover be fixedif it was sent back to the manufacturers in China.Reports have shown that there are three types of cars that they willintroduce under the new manufacturers Shanghai Automotive. The firstwill be the mid-sized family car, then the sports car, and finally asmaller car like the Rover 25, and also a silklike executive model. Thisis good news as we are promoting the MG-TF, which is a sports car, soin the future when we are promoting the MG-TF, we can be sure thatsales will happen, because sports cars will still be made.As the production of cars is being extended to China, both ShanghaiAutomotive and MG Rover have said they are expanding the business

Lord Byron vs. Caroline Lamb :: Poet Poem Poetic Essays

schoolmaster Byron vs. Carolean belovedThrough kayoed his poem, Don Juan Lord Byron is poking free rein at other poets, critics, and society. He places himself in a position of elevation, which Caroline Lamb then mocks in her rebuttal poem, A New Canto. Lamb was distraught when Byron broke off their love affair. She was obsessed and stalked him.The committedness segment of Don Juan is directed towards Robert Southey, and Byron takes the opportunity to make fun of the Lakers, or the lake poets in regards to their political stance. (see poem) He alike does not leave out mention of the bluestockings which Lamb was a part of. (see poem) Once Byron embarks on his initiatory canto, his initial statement makes fun of the traditional epic style. Instead of by-line suit and beginning in medias res, he proclaims to begin with the birth of his hoagy and tell some his education and parents for the first canto. The romantic interlude with Julia is also covered in this canto it is what inevitably causes Don Juan to flee and take jury on a ship. In accordance with his mocking of the traditional epic, rather of the hero telling his story, Byron is the narrator. It is as if he is the one sitting well-nigh a table telling the story.A common technique of Byron in this adult male is to insert himself within the story and speak directly to the lector (see poem). He includes many tangents, on which he either makes a sneering, provided humorous comment (see poem), or adds in his own experiences or feelings about the topic at hand (see poem). Many times these tangents seem misrelated to the text, (line 1700ish) and only serve as a chance for Byron to say his piece on something he finds interesting or relevant in placing himself as distinct from the rest (line 697). These lines of humor are made more sheer through the rhythmic nature of his rhymes, and the placement of the individual lines (line 320-2). He tends to keep company up a just event or thought by a more t rivial and light comment, making the first serious thing seem less heavy (line 752).Byron introduces many different forms of womanhood through the different female characters in the poem. His mother is very ripe at math and a very learned person in general. (link) This was not the typical form of femininity that was always seen, because an education was problematic to come by for some women.

The Battle of the Sexes Continue in The Revolt Of Mother Essay

The bout of the Sexes Continue in The Revolt Of Mother Unsolicited opportunities are the guide-posts of the overlord to the pertly roads of life. This quote from Mary E. Wilkins Free pieces The Revolt Of Mother exemplifies the independent and ill-affected spirit of the main character, Sarah Penn. Because Sarah Penns behavior is unorthodox for a woman of the 19th century, the author constantly compared her to similar historical figures. When Mrs. Penn is baking her husbands favorite contain pies, we become aware of the first historical relationship. The author described her typeface as full of meek vigor which might have characterized star of the New Testament saints. The author continues to express that however deep a resentment she might be forced to hold against her husband, she would never fracture in sedulous attention to his wants. These statements show that Sarah is as loyal, passive, and loving as a pious saint. The comparison also points out her forgiving reputat ion which allows her to be loving and cooperative with her husband despite any differences they whitethorn have. The second reference to a historical figure comes when Sarah calls to Adoniram, her husband, to stop his work and speak with her. When he repeatedly refuses to talk with her, she exclaims, Father, you come here, in a voice which booms with authority. Even her stance is as regal as her inflections, for she stands in the doorway holding her head as if she were wearing a crown. patronage her original intentions, this dignified behavior doesnt last long. As she is expressing her feelings about her husbands new barn, her stance turns to that of a humble woman from Scripture. This sudden change in behavior represents her volatil... ...the mans world, she continues to do her feminine, domestic chores and tries her best to make Adoniram happy. This proves that she has fought the battle and was forthwith ready to make peace. However, the peace making has to be on Adonirams p art. afterward Adoniram finds out about his wifes defiance, he goes out into the twilight and looks out over the fields. By observing nature, Adoniram is acknowledging the power and beauty of women, which enables him to decide to put up the partitions to make a more suitable house for Sarah. By respecting the feelings and opinions of his wife, he unites the womans home and mans technology, and in a sense makes peace between man and woman in the battle of the sexes. Work Cited Freeman, Mary E. Wilkins. The Revolt of Mother. Responding to Literature. Ed. Judith A. Stanford. mussiness View Mayfield, 1996. 555-567.

The Reality of Jacob Riis How the Other Half Lives Essay example -- W

The Reality of Jacob Riis How the Other one-half LivesJacob Riis book How the Other Half Lives is a detailed description on the poor and the destitute in the inner documentaryms of New York City. Riis tries to portray the live conditions through the look of his camera. He sneaks up on the plenty flashes a picture and then tells the rest of the city how the other half is living. As shocking as the truth was without seeing such poverty and august conditions with their own eyes or taking in the experience with wholly their senses it still seemed like a million miles away or raze just a fairy tale. The naturalism of this book hit the commonwealth of New York right between the eyes. Riis was once ascribed the label of lower clan society, entirely worked his way up the ladder of success and entered into a high class among humanity. Riis tried to write this book with pure objectivity but given his background and emotional connection to the tenement d advantageouslyers it was har d to encumber that objectivity throughout his book. The references he uses to describe some of the immigrant live-ins were negative and real much stereotypical. For example on page 92 when hes referring to Italians and their ability to speak, English. Unlike the German, who begins learning English the day he lands as a matter of duty, or the Polish Jew, who takes it up as shortly as he is able as an investment, the Italian learns slowly, if at tout ensemble. By referring to Italians in such a way gives, the effect that he holds a personal grudge against them. He makes it seem like they hold in personally offended him by not knowing the English language, when in reality I dont think he cares at all some what they have to say or what they think about him. He feels that if they (Italians or any of the minority groups) come to the United States they should be well briefed large know the basic communication needs of his language or dont come at all because your wasting his metre and frankly just being a pain in the ass. He refers to all the immigration groups in a judgmental way. He complains about the intelligence levels of the Italians, how dirty and deceitful the Jews are, and even the immaculate cleanliness of the Chinamen. Although he does consume quite a bit of bigotry that boarders on the line of disfavor when it comes to African Americans he recognizes that they are suffering from racism and he sympathizes with th... ... them enough to care how they live. Once that was done you could take the care they discovered for those people and use it to better their homes. And the city would well be on its way to improvement.Riis writes his book effectively and manages to grasp the attention of the nation with his expos of real life stories and his snap photography of the tenements of New York City. His point of view wasnt always objective and he had many stereotypes burned into his brain, but at the same time without some of those preconceived ideas I do nt think his writing would have been as effective as it was. in that location were real emotions and deep feelings that went into his work. Without his connection to the poverty stricken, he would not have an understanding of where those immigrants were mentally, the pain they were going through and the rough road frontward of them. The main purpose of his book was to try to help open the eyes of the people in New York to the conditions in which the immigrants are living. By possibility their eyes, he hoped that there would be compassion growing in their patrol wagon and maybe open up to that community and aid in the reconstructive memory of the tenements in which they resided.

Jerry Garcia And The Grateful Dead Essay examples -- essays research p

Jerry Garcia and The Grateful stillborn     Jerome John Garcia was born in 1942, in San Franciscos Mission District.His father, a spanish immigrant named Jose "Joe" Garcia, had been a jazzclarinettist and Dixieland bandleader in the thirties, and he named his new son afterward his popular Broadway composer, Jerome Kern. In the spring of 1948, whileon a fishing trip, Garcia cut his father swept to his death by a Californiariver.      subsequently his fathers death, Garcia spent a few years living with hismothers parents, in bingle of San Franciscos working-class districts. Hisgrandmother had the habit of listening to Nashvilles Grand Ole Opry radiobroadcasts on Saturday nights, and it was in those hours, Garcia would later say,that he developed his fondness for country-music forms-particularly the deft ,blues-inflected mandolin performing and mournful, high-lone whatsoever vocal style ofBill Monroe, the principal founder of bluegra ss. When Garcia was ten, hismother, Ruth, brought him to live with her at a sailors hotel and bar that sheran near the citys waterfront. He spent much of his quantify there listening tothe drunks, fanciful stories or sitting alone teaching Disney and horror comicsand pouring through science-fiction novels.     When Garcia was fifteen, his older brother Tiff - who years earlier hadaccidentally chopped off Jerrys right-hand middle find while the two werechopping wood - introduced him to early rock & enfold and rhythm & blues music.Garcia was quickly drawn to the musics funky rhythms and raving mad textures, butwhat attracted him the most were the sounds that came from the guitarespecially the bluesy "melifluousness" of players such as T-bone Walker and ptyalize Berry. It was something he said that he had never perceive before. Garcia valued to take up how to make those same sounds he went straight to his motherand told her that he wanted an ele ctric guitar for his next birthday.     During this same period, the beat period was going into secure swing inthe Bay Area, and it held great predominance at the due north Beach arts schoolwhere Garcia attended and at the citys coffeehouses, where he had heard poetslike Lawrence Ferlinghetti and Kenneth Rexroth read their best works.     By the early... ...80, a year after leaving theband and Brent Myland, of a morphine and cocaine dose in 1990 neverreally took away from the Deads momentum as a live act.     After the 1986 summer shows with Bob Dylan and Tom Petty and theHeartbreakers, Garcia passed turn out at his home in San Rafael, California, andslipped into a diabetic coma. His body was non agreeing with all the years ofroad-life and drug abuse. When he came out of the coma the Dead made a tributesong to growing old gracefully and bravely, "Touch of Grey."     Unfortunately, though, Garcias health was going nowhere but downhill,and according to some people so was his drug problem. He collapsed fromexhaustion in 1992, resulting in many cancellations in their tour that year.After his 1993 recovery, Garcia devoted himself to a nutrition of diet andexercise. At first it worked and he wound up losing cardinal pounds. There wereother positive changes at work He had sire a father again in recent yearsand was pass more time as a parent, and in 1994 he entered into his threemarriage, with filmmaker Deborah Koons. Plus, to the pleasure of numerousDeadheads

Free Essay on Nathaniel Hawthornes Scarlet Letter - Spiritual Growth of Hester Prynne :: Scarlet Letter essays

The Scarlet Letter The Spiritual Growth of Hester Prynne               The character of Hester Prynne changed importantly throughout the novel The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne.  Hester Prynne, through the look of the prudes, is an extreme sinner she has gone against the Puritan ways, committing adultery.  For this harsh sin, she must gestate a symbol of shame for the rest of her life.  However, the Romantic philosophies of Hawthorne put vote down the Puritanic beliefs.  She is a beautiful, young woman who has sinned, only when is forgiven.  Hawthorne portrays Hester as prophesy maternity and she can do no wrong.  Not only Hester, but the physical ruby letter, a Puritanical sign of disownment, is shown through the authors timbre and diction as a beautiful, gold and colorful piece. From the beginning, we see that Hester Prynne is a young and beautiful woman who has brought a shaver into the world with an unmapped father.  She is punished by Puritan society by wearing the scarlet letter A on the bosom of her dress and standing on the scaffold for three hours.  Her hair is a glossy brown and her eyeball deep-set, and black, her attire is rich, cargonfully caressing her slender figure.  The scaffold is a galling task to bear the townspeople gathered around to gossip and contemplate at Hester and her newborn child, whom she suitably named Pearl, named because of her extreme value to her mother.  In the put out of faces in the crowd, young Hester Prynne sees the face of a man she once was ferociously familiar with, whom we later learn is her true husband, Roger Chillingworth.  Her subjection to the crowd of Puritan onlookers is excruciating to bear, and Hester holds the child to her heart, a symbolic comparison between the child and the scarlet letter, implying that they are truly both intertwined. Prynne is imprisoned with her child, both of whom are emotionally and physically exhausted from the punishment at the scaffold.  The husband, Roger Chillingworth, passes by and is fit out to be the physician to the two, and remedy them of their sicknesses.  She is surprised he had come at such a time where she was at a point of such horrendous turmoil.  He demands that she cannot reveal his identity, yet he also wishes to feel the identity of her lover, the father of the child.  She refuses to tell him.

The Beneficial Relationship of Music and Mathematics for Young Children

Many educators would agree that music has the efficacy to unlock doors for young children to learn the various aspects of mathematics. The alliance of the two subjects place be traced back to the earlier stages of ancient history where they were taught together, unlike a majority of Americas exoteric instills. Fortunately, there are public inculcates beginning to recognize this close relationship once again and live developed lesson plans that teach mathematics, science and music in a much(prenominal)(prenominal) more(prenominal) conjunctive nature. Studies energize proven condemnation and time again that this is an excellent larn system to develop because children introduced to music at an early age have a high rate of mathematical comprehension.The issue Association for Music Education (MENC) has compiled statistical information proving how well students have done when applying musical overtones to mathematical studies. A study of 237 second sort children used pi ano keyboard training and newly designed math package to demonstrate improvement in math skills. The group scored 27% higher on proportional math and fractions tests than children that used only the math software product (http//www.menc.org, 2005). These numbers hold true as students progress through school without regard to the students background. MENC continues to back their argument with the followingIn an analysis of U.S. segment of Education info on more than 25,000 secondary school students (NELS88, field Education Longitudinal Survey), researchers found that students who report consistent high levels of intricacy in submissive music over the middle and high school years show significantly higher levels of mathematics proficiency by grade 12. This observation holds regardless of students socio-economic status, and differences in those who are involved with instrumental music vs. those who are not is more significant over time (2005).Being able to understand mathematics, regardless of the instruments used to teach it, is delusive unless the student is able to follow through with their new found association and achieve the grades they are capable of. MENC follows through with their research by stating that data from the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 showed that music participants received more academic honors and awards than non-music students, and that the percentage of music participants receiving As and Bs w... ...omplexities of Ancient classic philosophy is far more complex than what young children are learning in school. However, Plato and Aristotle considered music to be something more than the warm and fuzzy romantic expressions we hear on the radio today to them, music was math (http//www.jhu.edu, 1998). enquiry has clearly shown the potential for students to excel when an emphasis is placed on the consolidation of music in to their education. Studies paint a promising picture for the relationship of mathematics and musi c, and teachers have found real life ways to hold this powerful unity in their classrooms. When examples such as the curriculum from stimulate Creek Elementary are available, there is no excuse for denying children such a promising opportunity to expand their chance for success. ReferencesArgabright, R (Winter, 2005). Connecting with music. superior general Music Today, 18(2)5. Retrieved May 15, 2005, from EBSCO research database.Bear Creek Elementary civilize Website. Retrieved May 15, 2005 from httpwww.bvsd.k12.co.us/schools/bearcreek/focus.shtmlCavanaugh, J. (February, 1998). Arithmetic of the soul. Retrieved May 15, 2005 from http//www.jhu.edu/jhumag/0298web/math.html